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This paper investigates dynamic insurance pricing and risk management when insurers face correlation ambiguity between underwriting and financial investment risks. By employing a robust control framework and G-expectation theory, the research models how insurers make decisions under worst-case beliefs regarding these unknown dependencies. The authors identify five distinct equilibrium regimes, such as pure underwriting or zero underwriting, which shift based on market conditions and ambiguity levels. A key finding challenges traditional assumptions by showing that uncertainty does not always lead to higher premiums or reduced utility for the insurer. Instead, ambiguity aversion can sometimes improve an insurer’s position by encouraging more conservative and robust portfolio allocations. Ultimately, the study highlights that accurately understanding risk dependence is essential for effective regulatory policy and equilibrium pricing in modern financial markets.
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This paper analyzes the shift in European digital regulation from a science-based model to one rooted in constitutional values. While traditional risk management relied on the precautionary principle and quantifiable data, modern frameworks like the GDPR, DSA, and AI Act focus on safeguarding fundamental rights and democracy. The authors argue that this transformation addresses the intangible nature of digital harms and the significant imbalance of power between public regulators and private tech firms. By delegating risk assessment to private entities, the EU utilizes accountability and proportionality as tools to govern technological uncertainty. Ultimately, the text illustrates how legal and ethical standards have replaced empirical science as the primary metrics for regulating the digital ecosystem.
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This paper provides a rigorous mathematical analysis of the axiomatic foundations used to quantify financial risk. The author traces the evolution of risk measurement from early standards like Value-at-Risk to more sophisticated frameworks including coherent, convex, and spectral risk measures. Central to the text are the representation theorems that define these measures through dual sets of probability scenarios and penalty functions. The scope extends to dynamic settings, where time-consistency is required for multi-period assessments, and systemic risk involving interconnected institutions. Finally, the research bridges the gap between theory and practice by integrating machine learning techniques, specifically examining the concentration of empirical estimators and the use of conformal prediction for distribution-free risk control.