This research presents a machine learning framework designed to predict and reduce the risk of identity theft caused by phishing and social engineering. The authors developed a Cyber Risk Score (CRS) that combines observable security habits, like password hygiene, with latent psychological traits such as impulsive link-clicking. By utilizing a hybrid stacking ensemble model, the study achieved a 93% accuracy rate in identifying vulnerable social media users. Beyond mere prediction, the system uses SHAP analysis to provide transparent, personalized recommendations tailored to an individual’s specific behavioral weaknesses. This user-centered approach aims to bridge the gap between cybersecurity knowledge and actual online behavior through evidence-based interventions. Ultimately, the framework offers a scalable, ethical solution for organizations to protect users in increasingly sophisticated digital environments.
This paper investigates dynamic insurance pricing and risk management when insurers face correlation ambiguity between underwriting and financial investment risks. By employing a robust control framework and G-expectation theory, the research models how insurers make decisions under worst-case beliefs regarding these unknown dependencies. The authors identify five distinct equilibrium regimes, such as pure underwriting or zero underwriting, which shift based on market conditions and ambiguity levels. A key finding challenges traditional assumptions by showing that uncertainty does not always lead to higher premiums or reduced utility for the insurer. Instead, ambiguity aversion can sometimes improve an insurer’s position by encouraging more conservative and robust portfolio allocations. Ultimately, the study highlights that accurately understanding risk dependence is essential for effective regulatory policy and equilibrium pricing in modern financial markets.
This paper analyzes the shift in European digital regulation from a science-based model to one rooted in constitutional values. While traditional risk management relied on the precautionary principle and quantifiable data, modern frameworks like the GDPR, DSA, and AI Act focus on safeguarding fundamental rights and democracy. The authors argue that this transformation addresses the intangible nature of digital harms and the significant imbalance of power between public regulators and private tech firms. By delegating risk assessment to private entities, the EU utilizes accountability and proportionality as tools to govern technological uncertainty. Ultimately, the text illustrates how legal and ethical standards have replaced empirical science as the primary metrics for regulating the digital ecosystem.