Major financial centers introduced varied climate disclosure rules, notably Scope 3 mandates. EU and California led with mandates, while the SEC proposed but later removed them in 2024. Challenges include accuracy, standardization, and compliance costs. EU provides institutional support, but the U.S. lacks it, raising reporting stakes.
"... compares two industries where legislative requirements differ, but it finds the same pattern: the ideals of enterprise risk management are being not implemented in practice."
"... operational risk remained the most prominent major risk type after the outbreak of Covid-19, and that disclosures of operational risk increased by 5.19% compared with the samples from before the outbreak. The drivers of operational risk also changed, with significant increases in disclosure of litigation risk, transaction modes and product and service problems as a proportion of total disclosures. In addition, two emerging operational risk drivers identified during the pandemic are data safeguarding and goodwill impairment."
"There is currently limited information on and a lack of a unified approach to AI and ESG, and a need for tools for systematically assessing and disclosing the ESG related impacts of AI and data capabilities. I here propose the AI ESG protocol, which is a flexible high-level tool for evaluating and disclosing such impacts..."
"Contrary to the conventional wisdom, we find that the client tends to spend fewer corporate resources on precision with audit risk disclosure. As a result of lower precision, audit risk disclosure may lower the informativeness of audited financial reports, albeit ex-post communicating more information to the market. We also find that audit risk disclosure reduces the client's ex-ante payoff when the auditor bears a high misstatement cost due to audit failure."
"Using several examples, the article contrasts these risk sentiments for companies that have been involved in financial fraud and the companies that have not been involved in financial fraud."
"Current reporting standards for insurers require a decomposition of observed profits and losses in such a way that changes in the insurer's balance sheet can be attributed to specified risk factors. Generating such a decomposition is a nontrivial task because balance sheets generally depend on the risk factors in a non-linear way. This paper starts from an axiomatic perspective on profit and loss decompositions and finds that the axioms necessarily lead to infinitesimal sequential updating (ISU) decompositions, provided that the latter exist and are stable, whereas the current practice is rather to use sequential updating (SU) decompositions. The generality of the axiomatic approach makes the results useful also beyond insurance applications wherever profits and losses shall be additively decomposed in a risk-oriented manner."